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Twelve More Green Chemistry Principles

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A few years ago Anastas and Warner, in their book "Green Chemistry, Principles and Practice" (Oxford Univ Press 1998) set down the twelve green chemistry principles listed below. I doubt if process chemists would challenge any of them.
Anastas and Warner's green chemistry principles
  1. It is better to prevent waste formation than to treat it after it is formed.
  2. Design synthetic methods to maximise incorporation of all material used in the process into the final Product.
  3. Synthetic methods should, where practicable, use or generate materials of low human toxicity and environmental impact.
  4. Chemical product design should aim to preserve efficacy whilst reducing toxicity.
  5. Auxiliary materials (solvents, extractants etc.) should be avoided if possible or otherwise made innocuous.
  6. Energy requirements should be minimised: syntheses should be conducted at ambient temperature/pressure.
  7. A raw material should, where practicable, be renewable.
  8. Unnecessary derivatisation (such as protection/deprotection) should be avoided, where possible.
  9. Selectively catalysed processes are superior to stoichiometric processes.
  10. Chemical products should be designed to be degradable to innocuous products when disposed of and not be environmentally persistent.
  11. Process monitoring should be used to avoid excursions leading to the formation of hazardous materials.
  12. Materials used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimise hazard and risk.
It has been suggested (Glaze, WH, Env. Sci Technol, 2000, 34, 449A) that the greenness of a chemical transformation can only be assessed on the context of its scale up, application and practice which may involve a trade off between greenness and economic/commercial considerations. To complement Anastas and Warner's 12 principles and to address Glaze's concerns, 12 more green principles have now been suggested (Winterton N, Green Chemistry 2001, G73). These are very process orientated but still omit mentioning key green concepts relating to minimising number of unit operations in work up and maximising space-time-yield. However the concepts below should be familiar to all process chemists.
Twelve more principles of green chemistry
  1. Identify and quantify by products
  2. Report conversions, selectivities and productivities
  3. Establish full mass balance for process
  4. Measure catalyst and solvent losses in air and aqueous effluent
  5. Investigate basic theremochemistry
  6. Anticipate heat and mass transfer limitations
  7. Consult a chemical or process engineer
  8. Consider effect of overall process on choice of chemistry
  9. Help develop and apply sustainability measures
  10. Quantify and minimise use of utilities
  11. Recognise where safety and waste minimisation are incompatible
  12. Monitor, report and minimise laboratory waste emitted.